Human CCL2 (C-C motif ligand 2; also known as MCP-1, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1) is a 76-amino-acid CC chemokine that primarily binds to the classical receptor CCR2, mediating chemotaxis of monocytes, memory T cells, and dendritic cells to sites of inflammation. CCL2 also interacts with CCR4 and atypical chemokine receptors ACKR1 (DARC) and ACKR2 (D6), which function as scavenger receptors to regulate chemokine availability. These interactions underscore CCL2's role in immune surveillance, chronic inflammation, and pathological processes such as atherosclerosis, neuroinflammation, and cancer. CCL2 is secreted by monocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts in response to inflammatory stimuli.
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