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Human CCL5, also known as Regulated upon Activation, Normal T cell Expressed and presumably Secreted (RANTES), attracts and activates leukocytes and plays a primary role in the inflammatory immune response. CCL5 activates several G protein-coupled receptors including CCRs 1, 3, 4, and 5. CCL5 binding to CCR5 inhibits the infectivity of M-tropic HIV-1 strains. Proteolytic removal of the two N-terminal residues by CD26 generates a CCL5 variant that functions as a more potent HIV-1 inhibitor and a CCR5 antagonist.
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